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The ECE industry is a complicated system that is difficult to quantify because a large portion of it is unregulated. Much of what we know about the ECE industry in California—and nationally—is limited to the “formal” part of the industry, which consists of licensed child care centers and/or preschools, and licensed FCC. FCC is defined as non-parental paid care that is provided in the home of the caregiver (Morrissey & Banghart 2007). In California, FCC homes are licensed as small or large, and are allowed to care for up to 8 children or 14 children respectively. Licensing requirements focus on providers’ health and safety training,. | The Economic Value of Citizenship for Immigrants in the United States By Madeleine Sumption and Sarah Flamm P D S Q ANNIVERSARY Mpi Migration policy I INSTITUTE NATIONAL CENTER ON IMMIGRANT INTEGRATION POLICY US IMMIGRATION POLICY PROGRAM THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF CITIZENSHIP FOR IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES Madeleine Sumption and Sarah Flamm Migration Policy Institute September 2012 anniversary - zpi MIGRATION POLICy INSTITUTE Acknowledgments This research and report were supported by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. The authors thank Jeanne Batalova Michael Fix Ann Morse Manuel Pastor Justin Scoggins and Michelle Mittelstadt for their extremely helpful comments. Any errors remain the authors own. 2012 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. Cover Photo US flag with eagle at top of staff by Andrea Church Image Shutterstock.com ID 30896287 Cover Design and Typsetting April Siruno MPI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopy or any information storage and retrieval system without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org. Information for reproducing excerpts from this report can be found at www.migrationpolicy.org about copy.php. Inquiries can also be directed to Permissions Department Migration Policy Institute 1400 16th Street NW Suite 300 Washington DC 20036 or by contacting communications@migrationpolicy.org. Suggested citation Sumption Madeleine and Sarah Flamm. 2012. The Economic Value of Citizenship for Immigrants in the United States. Washington DC Migration Policy .
