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(BQ) Sport, Rules and Values rejects a conception of the determinacy of rules as possible within sport (and a parallel picture of the determinacy assumed to be required by philosophy). Throughout, the presentation is rich in concrete cases from sport, including cricket, baseball, American football, soccer and ice-skating. | 6 Principles and the application of rules For some i t is only a matter of time before major tennis tournaments are played without line judges Henderson 2002 16 . This might be thought a good thing eliminating human error. But as we have seen human judgement is essential in aesthetic sports. Still it might seem that the difficulties or issues raised for judgements of aesthetic sports in the previous chapter either do not apply to purposive sports or that when they do they can be overcome by appeal to technological solutions for instance modelled on the way that some line-calls in tennis are automated. But neither point is correct there will always be areas of judgement even in purposive sports since what event occurred depends on how the rules constitute actions see p. 91 further there is a limit to what technology can ever achieve. It is probably not possible in practical terms to do without the judgement of referees or umpires even in purposive sports. Perhaps decisions about what precisely occurred in such-and-such a case are often replaceable by some technological solution as for instance when the Cyclops machine used in lawn tennis replaces line judges for at least some cases of determining the legality of the serve - we can imagine such a technology extended to cover all cases from infrared motion detectors to Matrix-style rotating cameras Adande 2003 D8 . Yet even were this possible not all issues will be resolvable in this way. For instance other considerations of this practical kind relate to the gain if or when say the umpires in cricket were replaced by some technological solution of this sort recently raised in the context of a discussion of the pressure placed on umpires by players crowds media Brearley 2002 8 for one way to remove the pressure on the correctness of one s judgements would be to make those judgements answerable to a machine either to its bleeps or to its decisions as to whether a ball was in or a batsman was out. But one might with .
