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Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation part 5 provides a detailed overview of VLSI physical design automation, emphasizing state-of-the-art techniques, trends and improvements that have emerged during the previous decade. After a brief introduction to the modern physical design problem, basic algorithmic techniques, and partitioning, the book discusses significant advances in floorplanning representations and describes recent formulations of the floorplanning problem. The text also addresses issues of placement, net layout and optimization, routing multiple signal nets, manufacturability, physical synthesis, special nets, and designing for specialized technologies. It includes a personal perspective from Ralph Otten as he looks back on. | 22 Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation resorting to annealing as the underlying design engine without attention for configuring the state space. Nevertheless it is the structure of the local minima determined by the move set that is crucial for a reliable application of annealing. 2.4 CLOSURE PROBLEMS The introduction of the fruits of design automation of the 1980s in industry generated mostly distrust and disbelief among designers. No longer was it simply computer-aided design limited to liberating them from routine but tedious tasks that were reliably performed for them with predictable results. Modules were absorbed duplicated split and spread and signal nets had disappeared. The whole structure of a design might have changed beyond recognition after a single run of retiming. In many places designers felt insecure and the introduction of new tools hampered production rather than boosting it. Layout synthesis got its share of this skepticism. One of its pioneers phrased it as layout is on its way out. Yet there was a solid background in algorithms and heuristics and a better understanding of the problem and its context. Many of the original approaches were revisited improved and above all compared with others on the basis of a common meaningful set of benchmarks. No longer was it acceptable to publish yet another heuristic for a well-known subtask of the layout synthesis problem with some self-selected examples to suggest effectiveness and efficiency. This book provides ample evidence that tool making for layout synthesis matured after 1995. The perfection and adaptation of these tools for the ongoing evolution of silicon technologies is the major achievement of the 1990s. Beside reliable tools supported by rigorous proofs and unbiased comparison additional shifts were needed. The field developed over three decades from translating intuition into interactive procedures over formulation of well-defined optimization problems toward integral .
