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Tham khảo tài liệu 'handbook of psychotherapy integration, second edition part 7', kỹ năng mềm, tâm lý - nghệ thuật sống phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Integrative Psychotherapy with Culturally Diverse Clients 323 central and essential. The individualistic word self is replaced by self-in-context self-in-relation person-in-community Ogbonnya 1994 and being-in-relation Jordan Kaplan Baker-Miller Stiver Surrey 1991 . mCt points out that internal emotional distress is often related to external stressors. So-called disorder is often a reaction to disordered social conditions such as racism and oppression Ivey Ivey 1998 . Until psychotherapy recognizes the centrality of contextual issues and reconstructs the idea of the self it will be difficult to work with the underlying oppression faced by many of our clients. MCT s proposition in this area states Both counselor and client identities are formed and embedded in multiple levels of experiences individual group and universal and contexts individual family and cultural milieu . The totality and interrelationships of experiences and contexts must be the focus of treatment. Sue et al. 1996 p. 15 . This important proposition of MCT reminds us that we need to see the individual in social context. Another way to think about this issue is whether or not the problem is in the person or in the social context. MCT argues that we cannot understand the person without an appropriate balance of person and environmental issues. Therefore assessment with culturally diverse clients must focus on the external environment as well as the individual s experience of the environment. From the perspective of multicultural theory one of the most important contextual issues is oppression. Locke 1992 pointed out the centrality of racism and prejudice in counseling and defined racism as the combination of prejudiced beliefs with the power to enact those beliefs. Therefore multicultural assessment should include looking at clients experiences with prejudice and racism. For example what may appear as dysfunctional behavior in the dominant culture may best be understood as a reaction to prejudice or
