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Synthesis has both an age-structured and a size/age-structured version. Both are capable of simultaneously examining data from several fisheries and several surveys, each with its own pattern of selectivity. Synthesis calculates selectivity with modified logistic functions. Parameters of these functions can take on time-specific values, thus allowing flexibility to track changes in fishery selectivity. The goodness of fit is quantified in terms of a log-likelihood function composed of independent terms for each kind of observation from each type of fishery or survey. Synthesis estimates the best parameter values through numerical calculation of parameter derivatives and application of a modified Newton method | IFAD Taking Stock on IFAD Experience in Market Access Innovation and Opportunities to Favour Market Access for the Rural Poor IMI Initiative for Mainstreaming Innovation Prepared by Eleonora Canigiani IFAD Consultant It is important to emphasize that the exercise does not aspire to be an exhaustive inventory nor an evaluation of market access interventions in IFAD projects. Instead it is intended to be a preliminary attempt to provide a platform for enhanced dialogue among PMD Divisions. The projects included in this paper have been selected on the basis of the interviews and of the references found in other documents. Possible omissions of information provided during the interviews or stronger emphasis put on specific initiatives do not imply any judgment. They are only functional to the description and analysis provided in this paper and to bringing forward issues for discussion. Aknowledgments Special thanks to Country Portfolio Managers Regional Economists and all IFAD Professionals and Project Directors who kindly shared their experiences for developing this exercise S. Abdoulhadi J-P. Audinet N. Brett W. Bustamante PROMER J-J. Gariglio P. Glikman E. Heinemann R. Hopkins S. Jatta M. Kerallah S. Khadka D. Kingsbury G. Le Breton PhytoTrade M. Manssouri S. Marzin F. Nakai M. Nourallah R. Omar H. Pedersen R. Pena Montenegro L. Rubio C. Sparacino G. Thapa R. Vargas Lundius J. Yayock U. Wieland. The present exercise has been carried out under the supervision of Raul Hopkins Regional Economist of Latin America and the Caribbean Division i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Recent discussions in the media and in the development literature have emphasised the importance of a change in the trade policies of industrialized countries focussing mainly on international trade distortions. A number of studies have also been conducted regarding the effect of trade on development. Less attention has been given to the processes and policies at the micro level that could enhance a successful and
