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Tham khảo tài liệu 'biosensors for health environment and biosecurity part 13', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 412 Biosensors for Health Environment and Biosecurity the electrochemical gradient Twig Graf et al. 2006 . Balanced mitochondrial fusion and fission is crucial to preserve mitochondrial integrity and functionality Wallace Fan 2010 . Three distinct proteins seem to be involved in mitochondrial fusion Mitofusins 1 and 2 Mfn1 and Mfn2 and Optic Atrophy-1 OPA-1 . Mfn 1 and 2 are GTPases proteins that are localized in the OMM and form homo- and hetero-oligomeric complexes between themselves and with counterparts in adjacent mitochondria which mediate their tethering Arnoult 2007 . OPA-1 is a dynamin-related protein that can be found in a soluble form in the IMS or tightly associated with the IMM being a key protein for the fusion of this mitochondrial membrane Arnoult Grodet et al. 2005 . Evidence also suggests that OPA-1 controls cristae morphology and is implicated in the complete release of cytochrome c during apoptosis Jourdain Martinou 2009 Perkins Bossy-Wetzel et al. 2009 . Fusion of both membranes is a two-step process that occurs in a coordinate fashion although the precise mechanism remains unclear Malka Guillery et al. 2005 . Mitochondrial fission requires the recruitment of dynamin-related protein 1 Drp1 from the cytosol to the OMM where it forms multimeric rings and spiral-like structures that surround and constrict the organelle in a GTP-dependent manner Sheridan Martin 2010 . The mechanism that triggers this recruitment is still unknown however Fis1 a small mitochondrial transmembrane protein seems to be responsible for this mobilization Sheridan Martin 2010 . Mitochondria are the only organelles outside of the nucleus that contain their own genome and replicate itself in an independent manner from the nuclear genome. A single DNA polymerase polymerase-gamma with base excision repair activity ensures the replication of the mitochondrial DNA mtDNA . Moreover mtDNA has a particular feature since it is exclusively maternally inherited. Each mitochondrion .