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Một số trong các hình thức cũng được phân loại là không thường xuyên bởi Jespersen (1942: 32, 38), người đã tuyên bố rằng quỳ và mùi được sử dụng hiếm khi, trong khi dwelled thậm chí không đề cập. OED duy trì mà có mùi thường xuyên hơn so với mùi trong BRE. | 74 One Language Two Grammars verbs indicates an awareness of differences both between the variants and between AmE and BrE. -Ed and -t forms are given without regional label for burn dwell learn smell spell spill and spoil dwelled is claimed to be a less common form . For dream kneel lean and leap the -ed forms are given as esp AmE while the -t forms are esp BrE except for knelt and leapt which receive no label. Some of the forms are also classified as infrequent by Jespersen 1942 32 38 who claims that kneeled and smelled are used only rarely while dwelled is not even mentioned. The OED maintains that smelt is now more frequent than smelled in BrE. Bryant 1962 mentions several specific points about AmE usage for individual verbs. For instance spell spill and spoil are mainly regular whereas k nelt is dominant among all types of speakers but kneeled as an alternate is neither local nor nonstandard 1962 125 . In contrast Tottie 2002a 150-1 and Trudgill and Hannah 2002 56 give dwelled and kneeled as more typical of AmE than of BrE. There thus seems to be a degree of uncertainty as regards the status of some verbs. The most comprehensive and up-to-date summary of usage data is provided by Biber et al. s 1999 corpus findings. Their results from newspapers are compared with those of the present study in Table 3.1. Cells producing differences between Biber et al. s results and those from Ind are marked in bold. Biber et al. s findings are very similar to the ones in the present study as is illustrated in Table 3.1. To a very large extent AmE newspapers use regular forms for these verbs. In spoken AmE irregulars were as indicated previously more common than in writing but still regulars predominated here as well. My results from the NYT are almost identical with those found in Biber et al. s AmE news category with only a minor difference for the past participle of leap I9 BrE produces in contrast to AmE a considerable amount of variation between groups of verbs but the .
