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However, women who play multiple roles in the family and the workplace appear to acquire self-confidence and economic and social independence that may outweigh the additional stress that comes from their heavy responsibilities (Barnett and Marshall, 1992; Pugliesi, 1995; Romito, 1994). On the other hand, women’s changing roles have also contributed to more role conflicts among certain groups of women such as managers (Kolk et al., 1999; Lundberg, 2002). Measurements of stress levels during and after work show that whereas men generally unwind rapidly at the end of the working day, women’s stress levels remain high after work, particularly if. | Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities 2008 Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities 2008 William A. Rutala Ph.D. M.P.H.1 2 David J. Weber M.D. M.P.H.1 2 and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee HICPAC 3 1Hospital Epidemiology University of North Carolina Health Care System Chapel Hill NC 27514 2Division of Infectious Diseases University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill NC 27599-7030 1 Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities 2008 3HICPAC Members Robert A. Weinstein MD Chair Cook County Hospital Chicago IL Jane D. Siegel MD Co-Chair University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX Michele L. Pearson MD Executive Secretary Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA Raymond Y.W. Chinn MD Sharp Memorial Hospital San Diego CA Alfred DeMaria Jr MD Massachusetts Department of Public Health Jamaica Plain MA James T. Lee MD PhD University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN William A. Rutala PhD MPH University of North Carolina Health Care System Chapel Hill NC William E. Scheckler MD University of Wisconsin Madison WI Beth H. Stover RN Kosair Children s Hospital Louisville KY Marjorie A. Underwood RN BSN CIC Mt. Diablo Medical Center Concord CA This guideline discusses use of products by healthcare personnel in healthcare settings such as hospitals ambulatory care and home care the recommendations are not intended for consumer use of the products discussed. 2 Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities 2008 Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities Executive Summary Introduction Methods Definition of Terms Approach to Disinfection and Sterilization Critical Items Semicritical Items Noncritical Items Changes in Disinfection and Sterilization Since 1981 Disinfection of Healthcare Equipment Concerns with Implementing the Spaulding Scheme Reprocessing of Endoscopes Laparoscopes and Arthroscopes .
