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Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 7 P18 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 158 MUSIC PUBLISHING usually the record company which then pays a contractually negotiated recording royalty to the performer. The owner of the recording separately pays the publisher of the recorded compositions a mechanical royalty for the right to record copy and distribute copies of the composition. These royalties are called mechanical royalties because the license is for mechanical recording and reproduction of the composition. Under U.S. copyright law a publisher is required to grant a mechanical license to anyone wishing to record a composition that has previously been recorded and released commercially. This is called a compulsory license and the minimum rate that must be paid to the publisher for such a license is set by Congress at a few cents for each copy made of a recording of the composition. Normally however a record label that wishes to record a publisher s composition will negotiate a private license with the publisher rather than follow the strict accounting and reporting rules that accompany recording under a compulsory license. The statutory compulsory license rate has become the effective ceiling rate for recording a composition because no one need pay more than the rate set by law. A lucrative part of music publishing involves performance royalties. Performance royalties are paid when a song is played on the radio or television used by businesses for background music or used by clubs for dance music or by bands performing at a club. A popular song can earn thousands and sometimes millions of dollars through the collection of performance royalties. Because it would be too demanding for a publisher to sign performance licenses with every club radio station and business office that might use a particular song publishers and songwriters register with a performing rights organization PRO to collect fees on their behalf. The three PROs in the United States are the American Society of Composers Authors and Publishers ASCAP Broadcast Music Inc. BMI .