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A report is written each time tissue is removed from the body to check for cancer. These are called pathology reports. Each report has the results of the studies done on the removed tissue. The information in these reports will help you and your doctors decide on the best treatment for you. Reading your pathology report can be scary and confusing. Different labs may use different words to describe the same thing. On page 30, you’ll find an easy-to-understand word list. We hope we can help you make sense of this information so you can get the best care possible | REVIEWS Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process Lauren M.F. Merlo John W. Pepper Brian J. Reid and Carlo C. Maley Abstract Neoplasms are microcosms of evolution. Within a neoplasm a mosaic of mutant cells compete for space and resources evade predation by the immune system and can even cooperate to disperse and colonize new organs. The evolution of neoplastic cells explains both why we get cancer and why it has been so difficult to cure. The tools of evolutionary biology and ecology are providing new insights into neoplastic progression and the clinical control of cancer. Clone A set of cells that share a common genotype owing to descent from a common ancestor. In some contexts a clone is more restrictively defined as a set of genetically identical cells. Fitness The average contribution of a genotype to future generations. Fitness is generally a function of both survival and reproduction. Cellular and Molecular Oncology Program The Wistar Institute 3601 Spruce Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA. department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biological Sciences West University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA. Human Biology Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center PO BOX 19024 Seattle Washington 98109 and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA. Correspondence to C.M. e-mail cmaley@alum.mit.edu doi 10.1038 nrc2013 Published online 16 November 2006 Cancer is a disease of clonal evolution within the body1-3. This has profound clinical implications for neoplastic progression cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Although the idea of cancer as an evolutionary problem is not new1 4 historically little attention has been focused on applications of evolutionary biology to understand and control neoplastic progression. That is now beginning to change5-13. A neoplasm can be viewed from an evolutionary perspective as a large genetically and epigenetically heterogeneous population of .
