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The basic precepts underlying previous editions of Clinical Drug Therapy continue to guide the writing of this seventh edition. The overall purpose is to promote safe, effective, and rational drug therapy by: • Providing information that accurately reflects current practices in drug therapy. • Facilitating the acquisition, comprehension, and application of knowledge related to drug therapy. Application requires knowledge about the drug and the client receiving it. • Identifying knowledge and skills the nurse can use to smooth the interface between a drug and the client receiving it | Contents SECTION 1 Introduction to Drug Therapy.1 1 Introduction to Pharmacology .2 A Message to Students 2 Overview 2 Sources of Drugs 3 Drug Classifications and Prototypes 3 Drug Names 3 Drug Marketing 3 Pharmacoeconomics 4 Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs 4 Drug Approval Processes 4 Sources of Drug Information 7 Strategies for Studying Pharmacology 7 2 Basic Concepts and Processes.9 Overview 9 Cellular Physiology 9 Drug Transport Through Cell Membranes 10 Pharmacokinetics 10 Pharmacodynamics 15 Variables That Affect Drug Actions 17 Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance 20 Adverse Effects of Drugs 20 3 Administering Medications .29 Overview 29 General Principles of Accurate Drug Administration 29 Legal Responsibilities 30 Medication Errors 30 Medication Systems 31 Medication Orders 31 Drug Preparations and Dosage Forms 32 Calculating Drug Dosages 34 Routes of Administration 35 4 Nursing Process in Drug Therapy .47 Overview 47 Nursing Process in Drug Therapy 48 Integrating Nursing Process Critical Paths and Drug Therapy 51 General Principles of Drug Therapy 59 xvii xviii CONTENTS SECTION 2 Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System.71 5 Physiology of the Central Nervous System.72 Characteristics and Functions of the Central Nervous System 72 Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 77 6 Opioid Analgesics and Opioid Antagonists .79 Overview 79 Pain 79 Endogenous Analgesia System 80 Opioid Analgesics 80 Individual Drugs 82 Principles of Therapy 89 7 Analgesic-Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory and Related Drugs .99 Overview 99 Pain Fever and Inflammation 100 Mechanism of Action 100 Indications for Use 102 Contraindications to Use 103 Subgroups and Individual Drugs 104 Principles of Therapy 114 8 Antianxiety and Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs.124 Overview 124 Anxiety 125 Sleep and Insomnia 125 Drugs Used to Treat Anxiety and Insomnia 126 Principles of Therapy 134 9 Antipsychotic Drugs.144 Psychosis 144 Schizophrenia 145 Antipsychotic Drugs 145 Principles of Therapy 152 10 Drugs
