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Tham khảo tài liệu 'innovations in biotechnology part 13', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Biotechnology Patents Safeguarding Human Health 351 the development of therapies and the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Thus one of the main objectives of biotechnology is to find means of scaling-up biological processes. The mapping of the human genome independently by the Human Genome Project and by Celera Genomics in 2001 was a remarkable breakthrough in data collection to aid studies of the human body.7 A crucial step in providing personalized medical care was thus taken. The breakthrough creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome was reported by Craig Ventor s team in May 2010 in Science Gibson et al 2010 . The team reported synthesizing the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides comprising some 1.1 million base pairs as a proof of principle that cells can be produced based upon genome sequences designed in the computer. There is of course much to be learnt before one can construct and transplant whole computer-designed genomes of higher life forms. Important limiting factors are insufficient scientific knowledge of gene structure and function and of microRNAs. The potential curative abilities of stem cells come from their remarkable ability to renew themselves through cell division sometimes even after long periods of inactivity and to develop into many different cell types in the body. When a stem cell divides each new cell under appropriate circumstances may either remain a stem cell or become a specialized cell such as a muscle cell a red blood cell or a brain cell. This unique regenerative ability of stem cells offers new opportunities for treating diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. However much remains to be understood about them before reliable cell-based therapies can be designed to treat diseases. The strength of modern biotechnology comes from its interdisciplinary nature and the interactions it orchestrates between various parts of biology and engineering. It draws insights and knowledge from a wide .
