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Spain was (and still is) the largest producer of mercury in the world. Stories of Spanish galleons carrying tonnes of gold and silver looted from Central and South America back to Spain are well documented. Less well known is the fact that many tonnes of mercury were shipped from Spain to the “New World.” The Spanish conquistadors used that mercury to process precious metals. Parts of Mexico are still heavily contaminated from the thousands of tonnes of mercury that were brought from Spain during the four-hundred-year period of Spanish rule. Tales of the toxic effects of mercury are also littered throughout history. The human health hazards associated. | POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH AND POLICY AN OVERVIEW STUDY Prepared for the United Nations Development Programme and European Commission Tim Forsyth and Melissa Leach with Ian Scoones September 1998 Institute of Development Studies Falmer Sussex BN1 9RE UK. Tel. 44-1273-606261 Fax. 44-1273-621202 691647 Contents Summary.2 1. Introduction.4 1.1 Linkages between poverty and environment.4 1.2 International frameworks for sustainable development.6 2. Orthodox frameworks for poverty and environment.9 2.1 Population growth and technological change.9 2.2 Economic marginalization and breakdown of harmony .10 2.3 Downward spirals of impoverishment and environmental degradation - and challenges .11 2.4 Environmental entitlements. 15 3. New thinking poverty.17 3.1 Defining poverty.17 3.2 Specific aspects of poverty.19 4. New thinking environment.21 4.1 Defining environment.21 4.2 Environment change and the poor - rural areas.23 4.3 Environmental change and the poor - urban areas.26 5. Policy and Institutional responses.29 5.1 Lessons from the new thinking on poverty and environment.29 5.2 Implications for poverty and environment policy.30 5.3 Building environmental entitlements.32 6. Concluding remarks and recommendations.34 7. Emerging issues and policy questions.36 References.41 1 Summary Introduction This study was jointly commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme UNDP and European Commission EC to provide an overview of current understandings of linkages between poverty and environment in developing countries with a view to identifying necessary research and policy objectives. The objectives of this study are a to provide an analytical overview of existing research and approaches adopted to address interlinkages between poverty and environment b to identify gaps in understanding and potential conflicts between adopted approaches and priorities identified by research and c to highlight policy and research priorities for future action by .
