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Trên một nước cơ sở thường xuyên lấy mẫu từ các hệ thống nước sạch được đánh giá tổng số khả thi và, tùy thuộc vào tình hình, vi khuẩn cụ thể, động vật nguyên sinh và nấm. | 9 Methods of Sampling Biofilms in Potable Water CONTENTS 9.1 Introduction.155 9.2 Noninvasive Sampling Methods.156 9.3 Invasive Sampling Techniques.156 9.3.1 Directly implanted devices.156 9.3.2 Side Stream Devices Robbins Device.157 9.3.3 Distribution System Test Rig.158 9.3.4 NCIMB Biofilm Generator.160 9.3.5 Biotube.160 9.3.6 Pipe Replacement and Trombone Systems. 162 9.3.7 Taps and Valves . 163 9.4 Destructive Techniques for Biofilm Analysis . 164 9.4.1 Direct Surface Plating . 164 9.4.2 Contact Plating . 164 9.4.3 ATP Analysis . 164 9.4.4 Fatty Acid Analysis . 165 9.5 Nondestructive Techniques for Biofilm Analysis . 165 9.5.1 Microscopy . 165 9.5.2 Light Microscopy . 165 9.5.3 Hoffman Modulation . 166 9.5.4 Differential Interference Contrast. 166 9.5.5 Fluoresence . 166 9.5.6 Scanning Confocal Laser Microscopy SCLM . 166 9.5.7 Atomic Force Microscopy AFM . 167 9.5.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM . 167 9.5.9 Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM . 167 9.5.10 Environmental SEM ESEM . 167 9.6 Acknowledgments. 168 9.7 References. 168 9.1 INTRODUCTION On a routine basis water sampled from potable water systems is assessed for total viable numbers and depending on the situation specific bacteria protozoa and fungi. These analyses provide results which can be interpreted and compared time after 155 2000 by CRC Press LLC 156 Microbiological Aspects of Biofilms and Drinking Water time across a range of samples and environments and are understood by microbiologists and a wide range of water treatment specialists. Sampling for biofilms on a routine basis is more complex and uses two main types of microbial analysis 1. Noninvasive which leaves the substrata intact such as swabbing. 2. Invasive which breaks the integrity of the system such as sampling pipe sections. The latter invasive techniques interrupt water flow and can potentially lead to contamination of an otherwise uncontaminated water system such as those that supply dialysis units or purified water systems. .
