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Điều này là phù hợp với số lượng lớn các kết quả từ nghiên cứu tâm lý trị liệu hiệu quả trong các lĩnh vực khác vì sử dụng chất, điều này gợi ý rằng các tác động của psychotherapies nhiều lâm sàng và có ý nghĩa thống kê và được cấp trên không có điều kiện điều trị và giả dược | 726 Substance Dependence Psychotherapy abuse. This is consistent with the bulk of findings from psychotherapy efficacy research in areas other than substance use which suggests that the effects of many psychotherapies are clinically and statistically significant and are superior to no treatment and placebo conditions. 2. No specific type of behavioral treatment has been shown consistently to be superior as a treatment for substance abuse or for other types of disorders as well. However behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies may show particular promise. 3. The studies examining the differential impact of effectiveness of psychotherapy on those who abuse substances with and without coexistent psychopathology indicate with some consistency that those therapies shown to be generally effective were differentially more effective with patients who presented with high levels of general psychopathology or depression. 4. The effects of even comparatively brief psychotherapies appear to be durable among substance users as they are among other populations. A. Specific Psychotherapy Approaches In the following section we briefly describe some of the most promising behavioral therapies for substance use that have at least a minimal level of empirical support from randomized clinical trials. Although this is not exhaustive many of these approaches are making their way into the field. B. Contingency Management Approaches Perhaps the most exciting findings pertaining to the effectiveness of behavioral treatments for cocaine dependence have been the recent reports by Higgins and colleagues discussed briefly earlier in the article. In this approach urine specimens are required three times weekly to systematically detect all episodes of drug use. Abstinence verified through drug-free urine screens is reinforced through a voucher system in which patients receive points redeemable for items consistent with a drug-free lifestyle that are intended to help the patient develop .
