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Suy nghĩ Audible • • • Tiếng nói Nghe Tiếng nói Nghe lập luận cho ý kiến về hành động của một người • Kinh nghiệm của những ảnh hưởng chơi trên cơ thể • Thu hồi và nhiễu tưởng khác với tư tưởng • Phổ biến ảo tưởng nhận thức tư tưởng • Hình 1,6 Kurt Schneider. Năm 1959 ET liệt kê các "tính năng xếp hạng đầu tiên" của tâm thần phân liệt. | Figure 1.6 Kurt Schneider. In 1959 he listed the first rank features of schizophrenia. One of these symptoms in the absence of organic disease persistent affective disorder or drug intoxication was sufficient for a diagnosis of schizophrenia SCHNEIDER S SYMPTOMS OF THE FIRST RANK Audible thoughts Voices heard arguing Voices heard commenting on one s actions The experience of influences playing on the body Thought withdrawal and other interferences with thought Diffusion of thought Delusional perception Feelings impulses and volitional acts experienced as the work or influence of others of simple schizophrenia schizophrenia uncomplicated by accessory symptoms and latent schizophrenia people with odd personalities said to share some of the characteristics of the fullblown disorder were difficult to define. This confusion was compounded by the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia the lack of clear prognostic features and the failure to discover any definitive pathological abnormalities and led to an expansion of the concept of schizophrenia to the extent that it became a vague synonym for severe mental illness with different meanings in different countries. This was especially the case in the USA where Bleuler s concepts held great sway and in the former Soviet Union where different models incorporating for example anorexia nervosa sufferers and political dissenters had developed. In Western Europe where the Kraeplinian formulation remained dominant diagnosis was more consistent partly because the positive psychotic symptoms central to the Kraeplinian definition are more readily and reliably determined. In 19596 Kurt Schneider Figure 1.6 set out a list of such symptoms which would be most likely in the absence of organic brain disease to lead to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. These symptoms of the first rank were selected because they were relatively easily elicited and reliably identified rather than because of any central theoretical importance nevertheless they
