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Handbook of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety in Engineering Design - Part 58 studies the combination of various methods of designing for reliability, availability, maintainability and safety, as well as the latest techniques in probability and possibility modelling, mathematical algorithmic modelling, evolutionary algorithmic modelling, symbolic logic modelling, artificial intelligence modelling, and object-oriented computer modelling, in a logically structured approach to determining the integrity of engineering design. . | 554 5 Safety and Risk in Engineering Design Fig. 5.6 Outage cause investigation logic tree expanded to potential root cause areas Fig. 5.7 Root cause factors for the systems and equipment design area Each of these factors is developed into a factor tree chart indicating functional areas to be explored with the equipment s design. A thorough examination of preliminary information should eliminate the need for going through all the factor trees and all the associated questions concerning the potential root causes of design integrity problems. In the following Figs. 5.6 and 5.7 a graphic example is given of a potential outage in a power generation unit due to root cause failure in the boiler feed water pump expanded to the potential root cause areas of equipment design manufacture and maintenance. Figure 5.8 gives a layout of the factor tree for the origin of design criteria. 5.2.1.3 Event Tree Analysis for Safety in Engineering Design As indicated before event tree analysis ETA is an inductive logic method for identifying the various accident and or incident sequences that can generate from a single initiating event. The approach is based on the derivation of a sequence of hazardous events accidents and incidents that are then quantified in terms of their probability of occurrence. The events delineating these sequences are usually characterised in terms of 5.2 Theoretical Overview of Safety and Risk in Engineering Design 555 Fig. 5.8 Factor tree for origin of design criteria 556 5 Safety and Risk in Engineering Design The intervention of protection systems that are supposed to take action for the mitigation of hazardous events system event tree The fulfilment or not of safety functions functional event tree The occurrence of physical phenomena phenomena event tree . Functional event trees are an intermediate step to the construction of system event trees. Following the initiating event the safety functions that need to be fulfilled are identified these will later be
