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Từ điển khoa học động vật vần D | Dairy Cattle Behavior Management and State of Being Stanley E. Curtis University of Illinois Urbana Illinois U.S.A. INTRODUCTION Consensus has it that the state of being of dairy cattle among agricultural animal species is overall the highest. This has been viewed as being due to the closeness between keeper and animal resulting simply from the frequent close contacts at daily milking times. In contemporary dairy cattle husbandry systems however that contact differs quantitatively and qualitatively from what it formerly was and these differences have been construed as having compromised the wellness of dairy cattle. supportive husbandry practices the conformational syn-thetic productive and temperamental traits of dairy cattle have been shaped to well serve the needs of humankind. Genetic strains of cattle kept primarily to yield milk for human consumption have been developed so that today s dairy cattle are unique in their behavior among cattle in general relatively gentle catholic feed preferences amenable to close confinement restraint and living in large management-imposed groups relatively indifferent to early separation of calf from cow and so on. Behavior of dairy cattle in modern production systems has been thoroughly explored elsewhere. 1 ANIMAL STATE OF BEING Animal state of being is determined by any homeokinetic response the environment requires and the extent to which the animal is coping. When readily adapting the animal is well. When having some difficulty it is fair. When frankly unable to cope it is ill. In reality environments that make animals fair or ill are not uncommon. But it is our moral responsibility to minimize such occasions and correct them to the extent possible. An environmental adaptation refers to any behavioral functional immune or structural trait that favors an animal s fitness its ability to survive and reproduce under given especially adverse conditions. When an animal successfully keeps or regains control of its bodily .
