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Leading cause of death in human population: INFECTION. Most important contributions to public health in last 100 yrs: SANITATION. VACCINATION. Earliest contributions: JENNER – smallpox vaccine. PASTEUR – rabies vaccine. Greatest Triumphs: Global eradication of smallpox (1980). Future global eradication of polio. | History of Vaccines Leading cause of death in human population INFECTION Most important contributions to public health in last 100 yrs SANITATION VACCINATION Earliest contributions JENNER – smallpox vaccine PASTEUR – rabies vaccine Greatest Triumphs Global eradication of smallpox (1980) Future global eradication of polio History Although early in history the basis of disease was not known, the presence of a life-long immunity to disease was understood as early as the 4th century. The first documentation of “immunization” was the process of variolation – the removal of pus from smallpox lesions and the subsequent scratching of an uninfected person in the 10th century in India In 1796, Edward Jenner observed that milk maids exposed to cowpox (vaccinia virus) did not acquire smallpox – he predicted that deliberately infecting an individual with vaccinia would protect against smallpox (variola virus) – Sarah Nelmes donated fluid from her cowpox-infected hands, which was inoculated into . | History of Vaccines Leading cause of death in human population INFECTION Most important contributions to public health in last 100 yrs SANITATION VACCINATION Earliest contributions JENNER – smallpox vaccine PASTEUR – rabies vaccine Greatest Triumphs Global eradication of smallpox (1980) Future global eradication of polio History Although early in history the basis of disease was not known, the presence of a life-long immunity to disease was understood as early as the 4th century. The first documentation of “immunization” was the process of variolation – the removal of pus from smallpox lesions and the subsequent scratching of an uninfected person in the 10th century in India In 1796, Edward Jenner observed that milk maids exposed to cowpox (vaccinia virus) did not acquire smallpox – he predicted that deliberately infecting an individual with vaccinia would protect against smallpox (variola virus) – Sarah Nelmes donated fluid from her cowpox-infected hands, which was inoculated into James Phipps – produced a lesion similar to cowpox – later challenged James Phipps with fluid from a smallpox lesion, but no subsequent smallpox developed – this was the first recorded incidence of “vaccination”. Jenner would be imprisoned for this type of experiment today, but the James Phipps vaccination led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and the eradication of naturally occurring infections worldwide. Immune mechanisms to eliminate virus or virus-infected cells Humoral & cell-mediated immune responses important for antiviral immunity Must eliminate both virus & virus-infected cells Failure to resolve infection leads to; Persistent infection Late Complications Humoral immune response acts primarily on extracellular virions/bacteria Cell-mediated immune responses (T cells) target virus-infected cells Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses Virus-specific T Cell Responses ~ CD4 and CD8 T Cells Antiviral CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses. The three phases of the T-cell immune
