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Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 1 P47 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 448 AUTOMOBILES Congress modified emissions standards in the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments 42 U.S.C.A. 7401 et seq. and in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 Pub. L. No. 101-549 104 Stat. 2399 42 U.S.C.A. 7401 et seq. 1995 . The modified standards as defined and monitored by the environmental protection agency EPA included new requirements for states with low air quality to implement inspection and maintenance programs for all cars. These inspections were designed to ensure that vehicle emissions systems were working properly. In 1992 the EPA implemented strict emissions testing requirements for 18 states and 33 cities with excessive levels of carbon monoxide and ozone. California has been a leader in setting of airquality standards. in 1989 it announced new guidelines that called for the phasing out gasfueled cars in southern California by the year 2010. Critics maintain that federal emissions regulations have been too costly and that regulators should focus on reducing the emissions of more significant polluters such as power plants and factories. Fuel Efficiency Standards In the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act Pub. L. No. 94163 89 Stat. 871 codified as amended in scattered sections of 12 U.S.C.A. 15 U.S.C.A. and 42 U.S.C.A. Congress created a set of corporate average fuel economy CAFE standards for new cars manufactured in the United States. The secretary of transportation was empowered with overseeing these standards. The standards mandated that each car manufacturer achieve an average fuel economy of 27.5 miles per gallon mpg for its entire fleet of cars by 1985. Manufacturers that did not achieve these standards were to be fined. In 1980 an additional sales tax at purchase was placed upon gas guzzlers cars that fail to achieve certain levels of fuel economy . The more a car s gas mileage is below a set standard which was 22.5 mpg in 1986 the greater the tax. For example a 1986 car that achieved less than 12.5 mpg was charged an additional sales tax
