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231 Force: The complementisers that/if in a sentence such as I didn’t know [that/if he was lying] are said to indicate that the bracketed clauses are declarative/interrogative in force (in the sense that they have the force of a question/a statement). In work on split CP projections by Luigi Rizzi (discussed in §9.2-§9.3), complementisers are said to constitute a Force head which can project into a Force Phrase. Formal: In an expression such as formal speech style, the word formal denotes a very careful and stylised form of speech (as opposed to the kind of informal colloquial speech style used. | 231 Force The complementisers that if in a sentence such as I didn t know that if he was lying are said to indicate that the bracketed clauses are declarative interrogative in force in the sense that they have the force of a question a statement . In work on split CP projections by Luigi Rizzi discussed in 9.2- 9.3 complementisers are said to constitute a Force head which can project into a Force Phrase. Formal In an expression such as formal speech style the word formal denotes a very careful and stylised form of speech as opposed to the kind of informal colloquial speech style used in a casual conversation in a bar in an expression such as formal features the word formal means grammatical i.e. features which play a role in morphology syntax . Fragment An utterance which is not a complete sentence in the sense that it does not constitute a clause . So a phrase such as A new dress used in reply to a question such as What did you buy would be a sentence-fragment By contrast a sentence such as I bought a new dress would not be a sentencefragment since it contains a complete clause. Front Fronting Fronting is an informal term to denote a movement operation by which a given expression is fronted - i.e. moved to the front of some phrase or sentence. Function Expressions such as subject specifier complement object head and adjunct are said to denote the grammatical function which a particular expression fulfils in a particular structure which in turn relates to the position which it occupies and certain of its grammatical properties - e.g. case and agreement properties . Functional Category Functional Head Constraint Function Word Functor A word which has no descriptive content and which serves an essentially grammatical function is said to be a function word or functor By contrast a word which has descriptive content is a content word or contentive . A functional category is a category whose members are function words hence categories such as complementiser auxiliary .