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The writing of second language learners of English often presents problems that are different from those found in the writing of native English speaking students. These include culturally conditioned rhetorical patterns that sound ‘strange’ to the native speaker ear as well as unfamiliar grammatical errors that are simply not found in native speaker writing. Teachers with little or no training regarding how to provide feedback on second language writing often find it difficult to decide whether to start correcting all errors (which often results in crossing out and rewriting entire blocks of sentences) or to leave the errors untouched because there are simply too many of them. Neither. | Learner English SECOND EDITION A teacher s guide to interference and other problems Michael Swan and Bernard Smith B J Cambridge sw UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building Trumpington Street Cambridge United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building Cambridge CB2 2RU UK 40 West 20th Street New York NY 10011-4211 USA 477 Williamstown Road Port Melbourne VIC 3207 Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13 28014 Madrid Spain Dock House The Waterfront Cape Town 8001 South Africa http www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 2001 This book is in copyright which normally means that no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. The copying of certain parts of it by individual teachers for use within their classrooms however is permitted without such formality. To aid identification pages which are copiable by the teacher without further permission are identified by a separate copyright notice Cambridge University Press 2001. First published 1987 Second edition 2001 Fourth printing 2002 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press Cambridge Typeset in Sabon 10.5 12pt ce A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Learner English a teacher s guide to interference and other problems edited by Michael Swan and Bernard Smith. - 2nd ed. p. cm. - Cambridge handbooks for language teachers Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-77939-1 pb - ISBN 0-521-00024-6 audio cd - ISBN 0-521-77497-7 cassette 1. English language - Study and teaching - Foreign speakers. 2. Interference Linguistics I. Swan Michael. II. Smith Bernard 1937- . III. Series. PE1128.A2 L36 2001 00-046785 428 .0071-dc21 ISBN 0 521 77939 1 paperback ISBN 0 521 77497 7 cassette ISBN 0 521 00024 6 CD audio Contents Notes on contributors vii Introduction ix Note for teachers of American English
