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Equity issues, as well as international economic competitive- ness considerations, may require that certain measures be anchored in regional or international agreements, while other policies can be implemented unilaterally. As a result, a key issue is the extent to which any particular measure might require or benefit from “common action” and what form such action might take. The level of common action could range from a group of countries adopting common measures, coordi- nating the implementation of similar measures or working to achieve common aims, with flexibility in the technologies, measures and policies used. Other forms of common action could include the development of a common menu of useful actions from which. | Final Report Mill-Designed BioBleaching Technologies Recipient Award Number DE-FC36-99GO10374 Primary Contractor Dr. Arthur J. Ragauskas Professor Institute of Paper Science and Technology Atlanta GA 30318 Subcontractors Dr. T. Elder Professor School of Forestry Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849 Overview of Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry The production and usage of paper products is a cornerstone of modern societies and is interwoven into most major societal activities including education government business and leisure. Indeed it is well established that the consumption of paper on a national basis can be correlated to a nation s GDP.1 Although many pulping technologies have been developed over the past century the dominant global pulping process is the kraft process producing more than 65 of 1997 virgin pulp production.2 The German chemist C. F. Dahl invented this process in 1879 and the first kraft mill was built in 1890 in Sweden.3 Interestingly the telegraph system was patented 30 years before Dahl s discovery. The discoveries of the telegraph and the kraft process were for their time quantum leaps in technology that contributed to the industrial revolution. These and other technological advances of the day significantly altered the development of Western civilization. Now at the beginning of a new millennium we are experiencing another dramatic change in modern society. The advent of inexpensive powerful personal computers broadband telecommunications and other information technologies has begun to dramatically redefine our concepts of business life-styles education and government. Recent events now necessitate the development of new breakthrough manufacturing technologies for the pulp and paper industry. These breakthrough technologies need to be 1 revolutionary in design and operation and must positively impact raw material costs manufacturing costs energy costs environmental performance and the production of high-quality products .