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A number of specification checks support the identifying as- sumption that the timing of television’s entry is uncorrelated with direct determinants of test scores. Most importantly, we find that the within-area cross-cohort variation in television exposure that identifies our models does not correlate with demographic variables that affect test scores. We also find that the timing of television introduction is uncorrelated with trends in area school quality, teacher characteristics, and demographics. . | Audience attitudes towards offensive language on television and radio Prepared for Prepared by Date Ofcom Synovate UK August 2010 reissued 2010. Synovate Ltd. All rights reserved. The concepts and ideas submitted to you herein are the intellectual property of Synovate. They are strictly of confidential nature and are submitted to you under the understanding that they are to be considered by you in the strictest confidence and that no use shall be made of the said concepts and ideas. Synovate does not in providing this report accept or assume responsibility for any other purpose or to any other person to whom this report is shown or in to whose hands it may come save where expressly agreed by our prior consent in writing. synovate Research reinvented Contents Foreword.6 1. Executive summary.8 1.1 Background and objectives.8 1.2 Overview of approach.9 1.3 Summary of key findings.111 1.3.1 Introduction.11 1.3.2 Principles guiding opinion on all potentially offensive language.11 1.3.3 Principles guiding opinion on discriminatory language only.17 2. Introduction.211 2.1 Background and objectives.211 2.1.1 The Broadcasting Code.211 2.1.2 How the Code works in relation to offensive language.21 2.1.3 How Ofcom regulates offensive language.22 2.1.4 The role for consumer research.244 2.1.5 Research objectives.255 2.2 Methodology.277 2.2.1 Rationale for the methodology.277 2.2.2 Sample structure Cross section of the UK public.288 2.2.3 Sample structure Gay lesbian and bisexual transgender traveller and disability audiences.31 2.2.4 The pre-task stimulus material and discussion flow.344 2.2.5 Selection of offensive language and clips used in the research.366 2.2.6 Descriptions of the clips used in the research.366 3. Main findings Key principles which drive the acceptability of potentially offensive language on television and radio.433 3.1 Introduction to the key principles.433 2010. Synovate Ltd. 1 synovate Research reinvented 3.1.1 Personal views and generally accepted .