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We discuss how a deductive question-answering system can represent the beliefs or other cognitive states of users, of other (interacting) systems, and of itself. In particular, we examine the representation of first-person beliefs of others (e.g., the ~ / v . ~ ' ~ representation of a user'A belief that he himself is rich). Such beliefs have as an essential component "'quasi-indexical pronouns" (e.g., 'he himself'), and, hence, require for their analysis a method of representing these pronominal constructions and performing valid inferences with them. . | QUASI-INDEXICAL REFERENCE IN PROPOSITIONAL SEMANTIC NETWORKS William J. Rapaport Department of Philosophy. SUNY Fredonia. Fredonia. NY 14063 Department of Computer Science. SUNY Buffalo. Buffalo. NY 14260 Stuart c. Shapiro Department of Computer Science. SUNY Buffalo. Buffalo. NY 14260 ABSTRACT We discuss how a deductive question-answering system can represent the beliefs or other cognitive states of users of other interacting systems and of itself. In particular we examine the representation of first-person beliefs of others e.g. the system s representation of a user1 s belief that he himself is rich . Such beliefs have as an essential component quasi-indexical pronouns e.g. he himself and. hence require for their analysis a method of representing these pronominal constructions and performing valid inferences with them. The theoretical justification for the approach to be discussed is the representation of nested de dicto beliefs e.g. the system s belief that user-1 believes that system-2 believes that user-2 is rich . We discuss a computer implementation of these representations using the Semantic Network Processing System SNePS and an ATN parser-generator with a question-answering capability. 1. IHIROWGIIfiE Consider a deductive knowledge-representation system whose data base contains information about various people e.g.a its users other perhaps interacting systems or even itself. In order for the system to learn more about these entities to expand its knowledge base it should contain information about the beliefs or desires wants or other cognitive states of these entities and it should be able to reason about them cf. Moore 1977 Creary 1979 Wilks and Bien 1983. Barnden 1983. and Nilsson 1983 9 . Such a data base constitutes the knowledge more accurately the beliefs of the system about these entities and about their beliefs. Among the interrelated issues in knowledge representation that can be raised in such a context are those of multiple reference and the .
