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Other research focusing on children’s ability to discriminate between televised programs and commercials has generally demonstrated that children younger than five cannot con- sistently make that distinction. 15 Even when young children correctly label programs and commercials, they may still think that the commercial is part of or connected to the program. 16 Moreover, although children may be able to identify commercials based on perceptual cues by age five, their ability to recognize the persuasive intent and inherent bias in advertising does not appear to develop until age seven or eight. 17 Together this research suggests that children do not comprehend the symbolic nature of. | PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA VIOLENCE ON YOUTH Craig A. Anderson 1 Leonard Berkowitz 2 Edward Donnerstein 3 L. Rowell Huesmann 4 James D. Johnson 5 Daniel Linz 6 Neil M. Malamuth 7 and Ellen Wartella8 1Department of Psychology Iowa State University 2Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin 3College of Social Behavioral Sciences University of Arizona 4Institute for Social Research University of Michigan 5Department of Psychology University of North Carolina-Wilmington 6Department of Communication and Law and Society Program University of California Santa Barbara 7Department of Communication Speech University of California Los Angeles and 8College of Communication University of Texas at Austin Summary Research on violent television and films video games and music reveals unequivocal evidence that media violence increases the likelihood of aggressive and violent behavior in both immediate and long-term contexts. The effects appear larger for milder than for more severe forms of aggression but the effects on severe forms of violence are also substantial r .13 to .32 when compared with effects of other violence risk factors or medical effects deemed important by the medical community e.g. effect of aspirin on heart attacks . The research base is large diverse in methods samples and media genres and consistent in overall findings. The evidence is clearest within the most extensively researched domain television and film violence. The growing body of video-game research yields essentially the same conclusions. Short-term exposure increases the likelihood of physically and verbally aggressive behavior aggressive thoughts and aggressive emotions. Recent large-scale longitudinal studies provide converging evidence linking frequent exposure to violent media in childhood with aggression later in life including physical assaults and spouse abuse. Because extremely violent criminal behaviors e.g. forcible rape aggravated assault .
