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The law creates new state insurance marketplaces, called “exchanges,” where parents can go online to shop and compare coverage for just their children or the whole family. Starting in 2014, the law provides refundable and advanceable credits to families with incomes between 133-400% of the federal poverty level to help buy insurance through the new exchanges. Subsidies, available on a sliding scale, will help pay for monthly health insurance premiums and cost-sharing, such as co-pays. This is essential to making sure that low- and moderateincome families have the ability to purchase insurance for their children if their employer does not provide coverage | Surgical Complications in Oral Implantology Etiology Prevention and Management Louie Al-Faraje dds Founder and Director California Implant Institute San Diego California With contributions by James L. Rutkowski dmd PhD Christopher Church MD Quintessence Publishing Co Inc Chicago Berlin Tokyo London Paris Milan Barcelona T 11X4 XT TA 11 n c - TA 1 1 wr book Istanbul Moscow New Delhi Prague São Paulo and Warsaw CONTENTS Dedication ix Contributors x Preface xi Acknowledgments xii Part I Identifying Preoperative Conditions That Could Lead to Complications Complications 1 Inadequate or Excessive Vertical Restorative Space 2 2 Inadequate Horizontal Restorative Space 5 3 Limited Jaw Opening and Interarch Distance 10 4 Inadequate Alveolar Width for Optimal Buccolingual Positioning 11 5 Maxillary and Mandibular Tori 16 Part II Intraoperative Complications in Implant Placement Complications 6 Incorrect Implant Angulation 20 7 Malalignment 24 8 Nerve Injury 25 9 Irregular or Narrow Alveolar Crest 30 10 Extensive Resorption of the Mandible 32 11 Curved Extraction Socket 33 12 Injury to Adjacent Teeth During Implant Placement 35 13 Preoperative Acute and Chronic Infections at the Implant Site 37 14 Retained Root Tips in the Implant Site 40 15 Bleeding 42 16 Overheating of the Bone During Drilling 49 17 Stripping of the Implant Site 51 18 Sinus Floor Perforation 52 19 Nasal Floor Perforation 56 20 Accidental Partial or Complete Displacement of Dental Implants into the Maxillary Sinus 58 21 Accidental Displacement of Dental Implants into the Maxillary Incisive Canal 60 22 Deep Implant Placement 62 23 Shallow Implant Placement 75 24 Complications in Flapless Implant Placement 77 25 Aspiration or Ingestion of Foreign Objects 80 26 Mandibular Bone Fracture 81 27 Implant Fracture 83 28 Excessive Torque During Insertion and Compression Necrosis 85 29 Inadequate Initial Stability .
