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The charging process can be speeded up by applying swabs dipped in warm water to the refrigerant cylinder. Never heat cylinders with a blowtorch or immerse them in boiling or very hot water. A rapid charger is available. This device, fitted between the hose and the cylinder, acts as a restrictor or limit valve, maintaining a higher constant pressure in the cylinder and preventing early frosting. The vapour passing through the device is less superheated when it reaches the compressor, so less time is taken to charge the system | SPECIAL STUDY INJURIES AND DEATHS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN S PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT April 2001 Deborah K. Tinsworth Joyce E. McDonald Directorate for Epidemiology U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Washington D.C. 20207 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In support of U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission CPSC efforts to address playground hazards Directorate for Epidemiology staff conducted a special study of playground equipment-related injuries treated in U.S. hospital emergency rooms from November 1998 through October 1999. Staff also reviewed data on playground-related deaths reported to CPSC from January 1990 through August 2000. Highlights of this analysis include the following In 1999 an estimated 205 850 playground equipment-related injuries were treated in U.S. hospital emergency rooms. This adjusted estimate translates to a rate of about 7.5 injuries per 10 000 U.S. population in 1999. Age-specific incidence was about 29.1 injuries per 10 000 children younger than 5 years 34.8 per 10 000 children 5-14 years and 0.6 per 10 000 population 15 years and older. Approximately 156 040 75.8 percent of the 1999 injuries occurred on equipment designed for public use 46 930 22.8 percent occurred on equipment designed for home use and 2 880 1.4 percent occurred on homemade equipment primarily rope swings . About 45 percent of the injuries involving public equipment occurred in schools followed by about 31 percent in public parks. Injuries on public equipment also occurred in commercial daycare settings 10 percent apartment complexes 3 percent fast food restaurants 2 percent and other locations 9 percent . About three percent of the injuries involving home equipment occurred in home daycare settings. Overall fractures were the most commonly reported injury accounting for 39 percent of all injuries on home and public equipment. Almost 80 percent of these fractures involved the wrist lower arm and elbow. About 15 percent of the injuries to the head and face were diagnosed as .
