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(BQ) Part 2 book "Textbook of clinical echocardiography" presents the following contents: Pericardial disease, valvular stenosis, valvular regurgitation, prosthetic valves, endocarditis, cardiac masses and potential cardiac source of embolus, diseases of the great arteries, the adult with congenital heart disease, intraoperative and interventional echocardiography. | Pericardial Disease PERICARDIAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PERICARDITIS Basic Principles Echocardiographic Approach Clinical Utility PERICARDIAL EFFUSION Basic Principles Diagnosis of Pericardial Effusion Diffuse Effusion Loculated Effusion Distinguishing from Pleural Fluid Clinical Utility PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE Echocardiographic Approach Right Atrial Systolic Collapse Right Ventricular Diastolic Collapse Reciprocal Changes in Ventricular Volumes Respiratory Variation in Diastolic Filling Tissue Doppler Early-Diastolic Velocity Inferior Vena Cava Dilation Clinical Utility Diagnosis of Pericardial Tamponade Echo-Guided Pericardiocentesis PERICARDIAL CONSTRICTION Basic Principles Echocardiographic Approach Imaging Doppler Examination Constrictive Pericarditis versus Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Clinical Utility SUGGESTED READING I PERICARDIAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The pericardium consists of two serous surfaces surrounding a closed complex saclike potential space. The visceral pericardium is continuous with the epicardial surface of the heart. The parietal pericardium is a dense but thin fibrous structure that is apposed to the pleural surfaces laterally and blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm inferiorly. Around the right and left ventricles RV and LV and the ventricular apex the pericardial space is a simple ellipsoid structure conforming to the shape of the ventricles. Around the systemic and pulmonary venous inflows and around the great vessels the parietal and visceral pericardia meet to close the ends of the sac these areas often are referred to as pericardial reflections. The pericardial space encloses the right atrium RA and RA appendage anteriorly and laterally with pericardial reflections around the superior and inferior vena cavae near their junction with the RA. Superiorly the pericardium extends a short distance along the great vessels with a small pocket of pericardium surrounding the great arteries posteriorly the transverse sinus. The .
