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Gemini is a natural language (NL) understanding system developed for spoken language applications. This paper describes the details of the system, and includes relevant measurements of size, efficiency, and performance of each of its components. In designing any NL understanding system, there is a tension between robustness and correctness. Forgiving an error risks throwing away crucial information; furthermore, devices added to a system to enhance robustness can sometimes enrich the ways of finding an analysis, multiplying the number of analyses for a given input, and making it more difficult to find the correct analysis. . | GEMINI A NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM FOR SPOKEN-LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING John Dowding Jean Mark Gawron Doug Appelt John Bear Lynn Cherny Robert Moore and Douglas Moran SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park CA 94025 Internet dowding@ai.sri.com 1. INTRODUCTION Gemini is a natural language NL understanding system developed for spoken language applications. This paper describes the details of the system and includes relevant measurements of size efficiency and performance of each of its components. In designing any NL understanding system there is a tension between robustness and correctness. Forgiving an error risks throwing away crucial information furthermore devices added to a system to enhance robustness can sometimes enrich the ways of finding an analysis multiplying the number of analyses for a given input and making it more difficult to find the correct analysis. In processing spoken language this tension is heightened because the task of speech recognition introduces a new source of error. The robust system will attempt to find a sensible interpretation even in the presence of performance errors by the speaker or recognition errors by the speech recognizer. On the other hand a system should be able to detect that a recognized string is not a sentence of English to help filter recognition errors by the speech recognizer. Furthermore if parsing and recognition are interleaved then the parser should enforce constraints on partial utterances. The approach taken in Gemini is to constrain language recognition with fairly conventional grammar but to augment that grammar with two orthogonal rule-based recognition modules one for glueing together the fragments found during the conventional grammar parsing phase and another for recognizing and eliminating dis-fluencies known as repairs. At the same time This research was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency under Contract ONR N00014-90-C-0085 with the Office of Naval Research. The views and .
