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The scientific evidence is now overwhelming: climate change presents very serious global risks, and it demands an urgent global response. This independent Review was commissioned by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, reporting to both the Chancellor and to the Prime Minister, as a contribution to assessing the evidence and building understanding of the economics of climate change. The Review first examines the evidence on the economic impacts of climate change itself, and explores the economics of stabilising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The second half of the Review considers the complex policy challenges involved. | STERN REVIEW The Economics of Climate Change Executive Summary The scientific evidence is now overwhelming climate change presents very serious global risks and it demands an urgent global response. This independent Review was commissioned by the Chancellor of the Exchequer reporting to both the Chancellor and to the Prime Minister as a contribution to assessing the evidence and building understanding of the economics of climate change. The Review first examines the evidence on the economic impacts of climate change itself and explores the economics of stabilising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The second half of the Review considers the complex policy challenges involved in managing the transition to a low-carbon economy and in ensuring that societies can adapt to the consequences of climate change that can no longer be avoided. The Review takes an international perspective. Climate change is global in its causes and consequences and international collective action will be critical in driving an effective efficient and equitable response on the scale required. This response will require deeper international co-operation in many areas - most notably in creating price signals and markets for carbon spurring technology research development and deployment and promoting adaptation particularly for developing countries. Climate change presents a unique challenge for economics it is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen. The economic analysis must therefore be global deal with long time horizons have the economics of risk and uncertainty at centre stage and examine the possibility of major non-marginal change. To meet these requirements the Review draws on ideas and techniques from most of the important areas of economics including many recent advances. The benefits of strong early action on climate change outweigh the costs The effects of our actions now on future changes in the climate have long lead times. What we do now can have only a limited
