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In the past, environmental goods and services were seen as having limited economic importance. Now, environmental issues and activities pervade every aspect of our economic life and performance and are subject to challenging national and international targets, strict monitoring regimes and ongoing discussion and debate in the media. As understanding of environmental challenges has grown, so too has appreciation of the size of the market and the associated business opportunities. The EGS sector has traditionally included solutions for problems such as air, noise and marine pollution and land and water contamination, as well as activities such as environmental analysis and consultancy and waste management and recycling. . | NON-TARIFF MEASURES ON GOODS TRADE IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Assessment of Regional Dairy Trade By Michael F. Jensen Danish Institute for International Studies DIIS John C. Keyser Consultant For The World Bank Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Africa Region Washington DC 1 Table of Contents Abbreviations and acronyms 4 Executive Summary 5 I. INTRODUCTION 8 II. THE NATURE OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES 9 A. Definition and classification of non-tariff measures B. Relevance to the EAC C. Policy approaches D. The approach in this report III. DAIRY PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE EAC 14 A. Production and marketing systems B. Regional trade patterns IV. TRADE REQUIREMENTS AND BARRIERS TO TRADE 26 A. Requirements for trade B. Implementation of trade procedures V. POLICY AND PROJECT INTERVENTIONS 36 A. Support for dairy development B. Support for trade enhancement VI. ANALYSIS OF EAC DAIRY STANDARDS 40 A. Origin of EAC dairy standards B. Justification of EAC dairy standards C. Impact of EAC dairy standards VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 47 References 51 Appendix 1 The MAST Classification of NTMs 54 Appendix 2 Dairy exports by individual EAC Partner States 1997-2008 75 2 List of boxes Box 1 Key dates for the EAC Box 2 MAST group NTM classification system Box 3 Marketing channels for smallholder milk Box 4 A trade dispute between Kenya and Tanzania Box 5 Formal trade requirements as a competitive risk Box 6 Procedures to import and export dairy produce to Kenya Box 7 Endorsement of small-scale milk trade in Kenya Box 8 Harmonized EAC dairy standards List of figures Figure 1 Milk production in the EAC region Figure 2 Value chain steps for processed milk Figure 3 Total value of dairy imports and exports by all EAC countries including intra-regional trade Figure 4 Value of EAC dairy exports by exporting country 1997-2008 Figure 5 EAC dairy exports by market destination 1997-2008 Figure 6 Composition of EAC dairy exports by product type Figure 7 Flow diagram of EAC trade .
