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Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). The EITC is a refundable tax credit -- primarily for low-income working families with children – that has lifted more children out of poverty than any other single program or category of programs. 13 According to the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, the EITC kept an estimated 3.4 million women and girls above the poverty line in 2010. This tax credit enables a newly employed single mother of two to supplement her earnings as soon as she starts work. If this mother earns $20,000 a year, she stands to. | GPS TECHNOLOGY OPTIMIZING CAR NAVIGATION BMI Paper Elvis N. Ngah Business Mathematics and Informatics Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Date August 15 2006. Supervisor Dr. Sandjai Bhulai Department of Mathematics Stochastics Section BMI Paper GPS Technology Optimizing Car Navigation This page is intentionally left blank. 1 BMI Paper GPS Technology Optimizing Car Navigation CONTENTS Preface.4 1 INTRODUCTION.6 2 APPLICATIONS OF GPS.9 2.1 AUTOMOBILE.9 2.1.1 Car Navigation.9 2.1.2 Dynamic Vehicle Routing.9 2.1.3 Tracking Rental Cars.9 2.1.4 Monitoring High Risk Auto Loans.10 2.2 AIRLINE SAFeTy.10 2.2.1 Aviation Safety.10 2.2.2 Aviation Security.10 2.3 AGRICULTURE AND FARMING.11 2.3.1 Tractor Guidance.11 2.3.2 Crop-duster Targeting.11 2.3.3 Tracking Livestock.11 2.3.4 Yield Monitoring.11 2.3.5 Soil Sampling.11 2.4 LAW ENFORCEMENT.12 2.4.1 Tracking Convicted Suspected Criminals.12 2.4.2 Online Crime Maps.12 2.4.3 Appealing Speed Tickets.12 2.5 SPORTS. .12 2.5.1 Bicycle Racing.12 2.5.2 Athletic Training.12 2.5.3 GPS Golf.13 2.5.4 Soccer. 13 3 CAR GPS NAVIGATION SYSTEMS.14 3.1 BRIEF REVIEW.14 3.2 FUNCTIONING OF CAR GPS.14 3.2.1 Distance Calculation.14 3.2.2 Frequency Identification.15 3.2.3 Coordinate Determination.15 3.2.4 System Accuracy.16 3.3 GPS aNd RELATIViTy.16 4 MODELING ROAD TRAFFIC.18 4.1 MODELING OVERVIEW.18 4.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION.18 4.3 PERFORMANCE MEASURES.19 4.3.1 Acceptable Travel Time.19 4.3.2 Total Delay.20 4.3.3 Segment Speed. 20 4.3.4 Delay Rate.20 4.3.5 Delay Index.20 4.4 MAKING Measurements.21 4.5 SOLUTION APPROACH.22 4.5.1 Model Description.22 4.5.2 Markov Chain Analysis.24 4.5.3 The Method of Generating Functions.25 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH.30 APPENDIX.31 BIBLIOGRAPHY.32
