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Simulators help in easy verification of protocols in less time, money. NS offers support for simulating a variety of protocol suites and scenarios. Front end is oTCL, back end is C++. NS is an ongoing effort of research and development | NS-2 Tutorial Kameswari Chebrolu Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Bombay Motivation for Simulations Cheap -- does not require costly equipment Complex scenarios can be easily tested Results can be quickly obtained - more ideas can be tested in a smaller timeframe The real thing isn t yet available Controlled experimental conditions - Repeatability helps aid debugging Disadvantages Real systems too complex to model Features of NS-2 Protocols TCP UDP HTTP Routing algorithms MAC etc Traffic Models CBR VBR Web etc Error Models Uniform bursty etc Misc Radio propagation Mobility models Energy Models Topology Generation tools Visualization tools NAM .