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Tài liệu tham khảo giáo trình cơ học kết cấu trong ngành xây dựng bằng Tiếng Anh - Yamaguchi, E. “Basic Theory of Plates and Elastic Stability” Structural Engineering Handbook Ed. Chen Wai-Fah Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 - Earthquake Damage to Structures | Yashinsky M. Earthquake Damage to Structures Structural Engineering Handbook. Ed. Lian Duan Boca Raton CRC Press LLC 2001 30 Earthquake Damage to Structures Mark Yashinsky 30.1 Introduction Caltrans Office of Earthquakes Structural Damage Earthquake Engineering 30.2 Damage as a Result of Problem Soils Liquefaction Landslides Weak Clay 30.3 Damage as a Result of Structural Problems Foundation Failure Foundation Connections Soft Story Torsional Moments Shear Flexural Failure Connection Problems Problem Structures 30.4 Secondary Causes of Structural Damage Surface Faulting Damage Caused by Nearby Structures and Lifelines 30.5 Recent Improvements in Earthquake Performance Soil Remediation Procedures Improving Slope Stability and Preventing Landslides Soil-Structure Interaction to Improve Earthquake Response Structural Elements that Prevent Damage and Improve Dynamic Response 30.1 Introduction Earthquakes Most earthquakes occur due to the movement of faults. Faults slowly build up stresses that are suddenly released during an earthquake. We measure the size of earthquakes using moment magnitude as defined in Equation 30.1. M 2 3 log Mo - 16.05 30.1 where Mo is the seismic moment as defined in Equation 30.2 Mo GAD in dyne-cm 30.2 where G is the shear modulus of the rock dyne cm2 A is the area of the fault cm2 and D is the amount of slip or movement of the fault cm . The largest magnitude earthquake that can occur on a particular fault is the product of the fault length times its depth A the average slip rate times the recurrence interval of the earthquake D and the hardness of the rock G . For instance the northern half of the Hayward Fault in the San Francisco Bay Area has an annual slip rate of 9 mm yr Figure 30.1 . It has an earthquake recurrence interval of 200 years. It is 50 km long and 14 km deep. G is taken as 3 X 1011 dyne cm2 2001 by CRC Press LLC FIGURE 30.1 Map of Hayward Fault. Courtesy of EERI 1 . Mo .9 X 200 5 X 106 1.4 X 106 3 X 1011 3.78 X 1026 M 2 3 log
