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Tài liệu tham khảo giáo trình cơ học kết cấu trong ngành xây dựng bằng Tiếng Anh - Yamaguchi, E. “Basic Theory of Plates and Elastic Stability” Structural Engineering Handbook Ed. Chen Wai-Fah Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 - Earthquake Engineering | Scawthorn C. Earthquake Engineering Structural Engineering Handbook Ed. Chen Wai-Fah Boca Raton CRC Press LLC 1999 Earthquake Engineering Charles Scawthorn EQE International San Francisco California and Tokyo Japan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Earthquakes Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting Distribution of Seismicity Measurement of Earthquakes Strong Motion Attenuation and Duration Seismic Hazard and Design Earthquake Effect of Soils on Ground Motion Liquefaction and Liquefaction-Related Permanent Ground Displacement 5.3 Seismic Design Codes Purpose of Codes Historical Development of Seismic Codes Selected Seismic Codes 5.4 Earthquake Effects and Design of Structures Buildings Non-Building Structures 5.5 Defining Terms References Further Reading 5.1 Introduction Earthquakes are naturally occurring broad-banded vibratory ground motions caused by a number of phenomena including tectonic ground motions volcanism landslides rockbursts and human-made explosions. Of these various causes tectonic-related earthquakes are the largest and most important. These are caused by the fracture and sliding of rock along faults within the Earth s crust. A fault is a zone of the earth s crust within which the two sides have moved faults may be hundreds of miles long from 1 to over 100 miles deep and not readily apparent on the ground surface. Earthquakes initiate a number of phenomena or agents termed seismic hazards which can cause significant damage to the built environment these include fault rupture vibratory ground motion i.e. shaking inundation e.g. tsunami seiche dam failure various kinds of permanent ground failure e.g. liquefaction fire or hazardous materials release. For a given earthquake any particular hazard can dominate and historically each has caused major damage and great loss of life in specific earthquakes. The expected damage given a specified value of a hazard parameter is termed vulnerability and the product of the hazard and the vulnerability i.e. the expected damage is
