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This paper should be regarded as a sequel to [7]. There it was shown that the geometric Langlands conjecture for GLn follows from a certain vanishing conjecture. The goal of the present paper is to prove this vanishing conjecture. Let X be a smooth projective curve over a ground field k. Let E be an m-dimensional local system on X, and let Bunm be the moduli stack of rank m vector bundles on X. | Annals of Mathematics On a vanishing conjecture appearing in the geometric Langlands correspondence By D. Gaitsgory Annals of Mathematics 160 2004 617 682 On a vanishing conjecture appearing in the geometric Langlands correspondence By D. GAiTSGORy Introduction 0.1. This paper should be regarded as a sequel to 7 . There it was shown that the geometric Langlands conjecture for GLra follows from a certain vanishing conjecture. The goal of the present paper is to prove this vanishing conjecture. Let X be a smooth projective curve over a ground field k. Let E be an m-dimensional local system on X and let Bunm be the moduli stack of rank m vector bundles on X. The geometric Langlands conjecture says that to E we can associate a perverse sheaf FE on Bunm which is a Hecke eigensheaf with respect to E. The vanishing conjecture of 7 says that for all integers n m a certain functor AvE depending on E and a parameter d G Z which maps the category D Bunra to itself vanishes identically when d is large enough. The fact that the vanishing conjecture implies the geometric Langlands conjecture may be regarded as a geometric version of the converse theorem. Moreover as will be explained in the sequel the vanishing of the functor AvE is analogous to the condition that the Rankin-Selberg convolution of E viewed as an m-dimensional Galois representation and an automorphic form on GLra with n m is well-behaved. Both the geometric Langlands conjecture and the vanishing conjecture can be formulated in any of the sheaf-theoretic situations e.g. Q -adic sheaves when char k D-modules when char k 0 and sheaves with coefficients in a finite field Ff again when char k . When the ground field is the finite field F and we are working with -adic coefficients it was shown in 7 that the vanishing conjecture can be deduced from Lafforgue s theorem that establishes the full Langlands correspondence for global fields of positive characteristic cf. 9 . The author is a prize fellow at the Clay .