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Năm 1895, nhà vật lý học Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen ở Würzburg phát hiện ra một loại »mới của tia« mà sau này được gọi là X-ray hoặc »Röntgen« ở Đức trong công nhận khám phá tiên phong của ông (hình 4,1). Trong điều kiện vật lý, X-quang được cho là do bức xạ ion hóa (Hình 4.2.). Khả năng sử dụng bức xạ thành công trong y học | 20 Chapter 4 Use of X-rays in the operating suite 4.1 Radiation protection in the operating suite Radiation H. Kreienfeld H. Klimpel 4.1.1 Introduction In 1895 the physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen in Wurzburg discovered a new type of ray which was later called X-ray or Rontgen in Germany in recognition of his pioneering discovery D Fig. 4.1 . In physical terms X-rays are attributed to ionising radiation D Fig. 4.2 . The possibility of using this radiation successfully in human medicine for diagnostic purposes or also for therapy in certain diseases led to a dramatic development in the following decades both in examination techniques and also in the corresponding equipment required for this purpose. X-rays could be used for both short-term exposure for X-ray pictures and also for so-called radiography for continuous exposure. During the 1950 s the development of X-ray image intensifiers had progressed to such an extent that radiography was also possible in the operating theatre for support or documentation of surgical D Fig. 4.1. First handwritten message from Rontgen about his discovery non-ionising ionising radio and microwaves X-rays electromagnetic fields gamma rays optical radiation particle radiation of radioactive substances D Fig. 4.2. Attributing X-rays to ionising radiation procedures without the room having to be darkened accordingly for this purpose. This technical development -initially the pictures were viewed through a monocular or binoculars - and the subsequent addition of television cameras and monitors paved the way for the versatile applications of mobile surgical image intensifiers mobile C-arm units and C-arm units on the ceiling mount in the operating theatre . The principle of these X-ray scanning machines has remained the same through to today even though technical refinements have been introduced with developments in microelectronics in newly developed machines. These include for example the CCD camera charge-coupled device - .
