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The quality and design of a child’s physical environment can cause or prevent illness, disability and injury; therefore a high-quality environment is essential for children to achieve optimal health and development. While pediatricians are accustomed to thinking about health hazards from toxic exposures, much less attention has been given to the potential for adverse effects from “built environments” such as poor-quality housing and haphazard land-use, transportation, and community planning. In fact, children spend little time in natural environments compared to the time they spend indoors and in neighborhoods. . | The Royal Australasian College of Physicians CIRCUMCISION OF INFANT MALES The Royal Australasian College of Physicians September 2010 Paediatrics Child Health Division The Royal Australasian College of Physicians 145 Macquarie Street Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia Tel 61 2 9256 5409 Fax 61 2 9256 5465 Email paed@racp.edu.au website www.racp.edu.au 2 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.5 INTRODUCTION.6 ORIGINS HISTORY.6 ANATOMY OF THE FORESKIN.7 FUNCTIONS OF THE FORESKIN.7 CARE OF THE FORESKIN.7 CONTRAINDICATIONS TO NEWBORN AND INFANT CIRCUMCISION.8 TECHNIQUE OF CIRCUMCISION.8 COMPLICATIONS OF CIRCUMCISION.8 ANALGESIA.9 THE ROLE OF CIRCUMCISION IN PREVENTING DISEASE.10 URINARY TRACT INFECTION.10 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS.11 HIV AIDS.11 HPV AND CERVICAL CANCER.12 PENILE CANCER PROSTATE CANCER.13 SUMMARY OF PROTECTIVE BENEFITS OF CIRCUMCISION.13 LEGAL STATUS OF INFANT CIRCUMCISION.13 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF NEONATAL CIRCUMCISION.14 SUMMARY OF LEGAL ETHICAL ISSUES.16 REFERENCES.22
