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After the domination of behaviourism in Anglo-American psychology during the middle of the century, the impression has been left, reflected in the many texts on research design, that the experimental method is the central tool of psychological research. In fact, a glance through journals will illuminate a wide array of datagathering instruments in use outside the experimental laboratory and beyond the field experiment. This book takes the reader through details of the experimental method, but also examines the many criticisms of it, in particular the argument that its use, as a paradigm, has led to some fairly arid and unrealistic psychological models, as has the empirical insistence on. | Research Methods and Statistics in PSYCHOLOGY Hugh Coolican SECOND EDITION Hodder Stoughton A MEMBER OF THE HODDER HEADLINE GROUP Ị Contents Preface to the first edition xi Preface to the second edition xii PART I Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Psychology and research 3 Scientific research empirical method hypothetico-deductive method falsifiability descriptive research hypothesis testing the null-hypothesis one- and two-tailed hypotheses planning research. Chapter 2 Variables and definitions 22 Psychological variables and constructs operational definitions independent and dependent variables extraneous variables random and constant error confounding. Chapter 3 Samples and groups 34 Populations and samples sampling bias representative samples random samples stratified quota cluster snowball self-selecting and opportunity samples sample size. Experimental control and placebo groups. PART II Methods 47 Chapter 4 Some general themes 49 Reliability. Validity internal and external validity threats to validity ecological validity construct validity. Standardised procedure participant variance confounding replication meta-analysis. The quantitative-qualitative dimension. Chapter 5 The experimental method I nature of the method 66 Experiments non-experimental work the laboratory field experiments quasi-experiments natural experiments ex post facto research criticisms of the experiment. Chapter 6 The experimental method II experimental designs 81 Repeated measures related designs order effects. Independent samples design participant subject variables. Matched pairs. Single participant. viii Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology Chapter 7 Observational methods 93 Observation as technique and design participant and non-participant observation structured observation controlled observation naturalistic observation objections to structured observation qualitative nonparticipant observation role-play and simulation the diary method participant observation indirect observation .
