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Tham khảo tài liệu 'lexical categories verbs nouns and adjectives phần 7', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 3.9 Are nouns universal 185 are ambiguously nouns or adjectives crosslinguistically. The important point is that some words apparently must have a referential index and other words can never have one these are the unambiguous nouns and the unambiguous adjectives of Salish. A similar range of complex predicates is found in Straits Salish Jelinek and Demers 1994 708 ex. 28 and in Wakashan languages Jacobsen 1979 Wojdak 2001 . Attributive constructions also reveal a noun-adjective distinction in Austronesian languages. For example in Tukang Besi words like to oge big and woleke rat can both be used with an article to form an argumental expression 180a potentially causing one to doubt that there is a difference in category. But to oge can modify a true noun directly as shown in 180b whereas woleke cannot a genitive particle is required between the two nouns 180c . 180 a te to oge te woleke Donohue 1999 78 80 ART big ART rat the big one the rat b te woleke to oge Donohue 1999 77 ART rat big the big rat c te iku nu woleke Donohue 1999 80 ART tail GEN rat the rat s tail The ungrammaticality of 180c without the genitive marker shows that words like woleke rat must bear a referential index this cannot be freely suppressed to give it the distribution of an adjective as well as that of a noun.51 A second test of whether some words must have a referential index in these languages comes from verbalizing morphology. Section 3.8 showed that in languages with a noun-adjective distinction it is normal for predicate adjectives to correspond to stative inchoative and causative verbs but not for predicate nouns to do so. The reason is that the referential index of the noun cannot coexist with the theta-marked subject added by verbalizing morphology by the Reference-Predication Constraint. If referential indices were only optionally associated with noun-like words in a particular language then this asymmetry should disappear all roots should be equally eligible for productive 51 .
