Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
Tham khảo tài liệu 'lexical categories verbs nouns and adjectives phần 5', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | ii8 Nouns as bearers of a referential index I can perfectly well accept 40 as a parameter defining the Romance languages and presumably others including the Salish languages . 40 In some languages Ns cannot appear directly in argument position they must be embedded in DPs. But I deny that this shows anything deep about the semantic types of nouns in the languages in question as for Chierchia much less about the nature of nouns universally as for Longobardi . 40 is a mere fact no more remarkable than the fact that complementizers are required for clausal embedding in some languages e.g. Romance but not others e.g. English a fact that otherwise tells us little about the internal structure of clauses in the language. Reading too much significance into 40 does more syntactic and semantic harm than good I claim. All this means that I must of course say that the exact semantics of the determiners is systematically different from the semantics associated with them in the standard account. On my account they would be functions from type e to the Generalized Quantifier type e t t rather than functions from e t to e t t . But this is not a problem Chierchia 1998 353 observes that it is completely trivial to redefine determiners in this way. I thus take 41 to be the basis for the universal syntax and semantics of NPs. 41 a Common nouns type e intrinsically denote kinds. b Definite determiners Functions from e to e perform a sort shift from a kind to the maximal instantiation of that kind in context. This sort shift comes for free in languages where it is not blocked by the existence of a definite determiner. c Pred Chierchia s up operator maps kind-denoting Ns type e to predicates e t . d Quantificational determiners Lift various functions from kinds e to Generalized Quantifiers e t t . The sort shift in 41b can come for free without the help of a syntactically present functional category but the more radical type shifts in 41c and 4id cannot. The range of possible noun-type
