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This book has been prepared with the idea that teachers generally would be glad to introduce into their classes work dealing with the real objects of nature, provided the work chosen were of a character that would admit of its being studied at all seasons and in all localities, and that the subject were one of general interest, and one that could be taught successfully by those who have had no regular scientific instruction. | TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES THEIR STUDY DESCRIPTION AND DETERMINATION FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS BY AUSTIN C. APGAR PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE NEW JERSEY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL Trees are God s Architecture. Anonymous. A Student who has learned to observe and describe so simple a matter as the form of a leaf has gained a power which will be of lifetime value whatever may be his sphere of professional employment. Wm. North Rice. NEW YORK- -CINCINNATI- -CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright 1892 by the AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. W. P. 3. Pg 3 PREFACE. This book has been prepared with the idea that teachers generally would be glad to introduce into their classes work dealing with the real objects of nature provided the work chosen were of a character that would admit of its being studied at all seasons and in all localities and that the subject were one of general interest and one that could be taught successfully by those who have had no regular scientific instruction. The trees of our forests lawns yards orchards streets borders and parks give us just such a department. Though many consider a large part of the vegetable kingdom of little importance and unworthy of any serious study there are few who do not admire and fewer still who do not desire to know our trees the monarchs of all living things. The difficulty in tree study by the aid of the usual botanies lies mainly in the fact that in using them the first essential parts to be examined are the blossoms and their organs. These remain on the trees a very short time are often entirely unnoticed on account of their small size or obscure color and are usually inaccessible even if seen. In this book the leaves the wood the bark and in an elementary way the fruit are the parts to which the attention is directed these all can be found and studied throughout the greater part of the year and are just the parts that must be thoroughly known by all who wish to learn to recognize trees. Though every .