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Regardless of the reason, the change to the “issuer pays” business model opened the door to potential conflfl icts of interest: A rating agency might shade its rating upward so as to keep the issuer happy and forestall the issuer’s taking its rating business to a different rating agency.5 However, the rating agencies’ concerns about their long-run reputations apparently kept the actual conflfl icts in check for the fifi rst three decades of experience with the new business model (Smith and Walter, 2002; Caouette, Altman, Narayanan, and Nimmo, 2008, chap. 6). There were two important and related characteristics of the bond issuing market that helped: First, there were. | New to Credit from Alternative Data By Michael A. Turner Ph.D. Patrick Walker M.A. and Katrina Dusek M.A. P E RC March 2009 RESULTS AND SOLUTIONS Copyright 2009 PERC Press. Chapel Hill North Carolina. USA All rights to the contents of this paper are held by the Political Economic Research Council PERC . No reproduction of this report is permitted without prior express written consent of PERC. To request hardcopies or rights of reproduction please call 1 919 338-2798 x803. New to Credit from Alternative Data By Michael A. Turner Ph.D. Patrick Walker M.A. and Katrina Dusek M.A. March .