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Chirality is a phenomenon that is manifested throughout the natural world, ranging from fundamental particles through the realm of molecules and biological organisms to spiral galaxies. Thus, chirality is of interest to physicists, chemists, biologists, and astronomers. Chiroptical spectroscopy utilizes the differential response of chiral objects to circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation. Applications of chiroptical spectroscopy are widespread in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and physics. It is indispensable for stereochemical elucidation of organic and inorganic molecules. Nearly all biomolecules and natural products are chiral, as are the majority of drugs. This has led to crucial applications of chiroptical spectroscopy ranging from the study of protein folding to characterization of small molecules,. | COMPREHENSIVE CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY Volume 2 COMPREHENSIVE CHIROPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY Volume 2 Applications in Stereochemical Analysis of Synthetic Compounds Natural Products and Biomolecules Edited by Nina Berova Prasad L. Polavarapu Koji Nakanishi Robert W. Woody WILEY A JOHN WILEY SONS INC. PUBLICATION Copyright 2012 by John Wiley Sons Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley Sons Inc. Hoboken New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording scanning or otherwise except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive Danvers MA 01923 978 750-8400 fax 978 750-4470 or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department John Wiley Sons Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken NJ 07030 201 748-6011 fax 201 748-6008 or online at http www.wiley.com go permission. Limit of Liability Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages including but not limited to special incidental consequential or other damages. For general .