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Despite the different methods used, the results of the three countries are similar, especially concerning PM10 levels caused by road traffic. The differences in total PM10 can be explained by the fact that (a) the background concentration is higher in Central and Eastern Europe than in the Western parts of Europe and (b) for Switzerland, large areas at higher altitudes have significantly lower PM10 levels. Furthermore, the sulphate fraction of the background concentration may increase from Western to Eastern Europe, resulting in an increase of the non-traffic related PM10 fraction. However, further investigations including measurements of PM10 as well as PM10 components are needed to. | Xu et al. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2011 8 20 http www.particleandfibretoxicology.eom content 8 1 20 Si PARTICLE AND FIBRE TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH Open Access Ambient particulate air pollution induces oxidative stress and alterations of mitochondria and gene expression in brown and white adipose tissues Zhaobin Xu1 2 Xiaohua Xu2 Mianhua Zhong3 Ian P Hotchkiss4 Ryan P Lewandowski4 James G Wagner4 I X IT I A V-V p. I z .4 i Z J 7 s L . Z J 1 A í X Í z t 5 I -X r x D I_I I rl zx m -X 4 R I k X I I k . k m Xk kk Rk3C i D xi x z t r v x -X I -X k X 5 6 Lori A Bramble Yifeng Yang Aixia Wang Jack R Harkema Morton Lippmann Sanjay Rajagopalan Lung-Chi Chen3 and Qinghua Sun2 5 6 Abstract Background Prior studies have demonstrated a link between air pollution and metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes. Changes in adipose tissue and its mitochondrial content function are closely associated with the development of insulin resistance and attendant metabolic complications. We investigated changes in adipose tissue structure and function in brown and white adipose depots in response to chronic ambient air pollutant exposure in a rodent model. Methods Male ApoE knockout ApoE- - mice inhaled concentrated fine ambient PM PM 2.5 pm in aerodynamic diameter PM2.5 or filtered air FA for 6 hours day 5 days week for 2 months. We examined superoxide production by dihydroethidium staining inflammatory responses by immunohistochemistry and changes in white and brown adipocyte-specific gene profiles by real-time PCR and mitochondria by transmission electron microscopy in response to PM25 exposure in different adipose depots of ApoE- - mice to understand responses to chronic inhalational stimuli. Results Exposure to PM2.5 induced an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species ROS in brown adipose depots. Additionally exposure to PM2.5 decreased expression of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue as measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Mitochondrial number was
