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Climate change as environmental and economic hazard Part 2

Môi trường có thể coi là một tập hợp, trong đó hệ thống đang xem xét là một tập hợp con. Môi trường của một hệ thống đang xem xét cần phải có tính tương tác với hệ thống đó. | 172 Collier et al. they face Adger et al. 2003 Suarez et al. 2005 . However both contemporary and historical case studies especially those in Africa and Asia-Pacific have demonstrated that resilience is strong. Yet populations and communities have a new challenge to face that will certainly test this resilience. The rate of change driven by increased anthropogenic GHG emissions continues to accelerate faster than previously anticipated IPCC 2007 Rahmstorf et al. 2007 Smith et al. 2009 . This is illustrated by one of the manifestations of climate change the increasing intensity and frequency of natural disasters and extreme weather events Srinivas and Nakagawa 2008 Smith et al. 2009 . The rate of increase of disasters as well as the numbers of people affected by these hazard events has been dramatic over the past decade IFRC 2003 . Thus the urgency to respond to these changes even in the face of uncertainty has become much more pressing and presents the need for assisted adaptation. These recent trends have placed disasters at the centre of human-environment debates and have linked them with issues of development technology and economic resiliency Schipper and Pelling 2006 . As a response to this concern international governance bodies national governments development agencies and organizations non-governmental and non-profit organizations and private enterprise are creating mitigative and adaptive responses to these issues Smit and Wandel 2006 . Special attention has been given to developing nations which are considered to be the most vulnerable to the risks and pressures exerted by environmental change. In order to confront this research endeavours policies and practices that enhance resilience must be considered as a way to respond to a world that is in constant change Pelling and Uitto 2001 . In this article we review the current understanding of natural and social disasters the paradigm shifts in disaster management the emergence of climate change adaptation .