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Triết lý vốn có của những nỗ lực của Engelbart và nhóm của ông đã được bootstrapping, mà họ được định nghĩa là quá trình đệ quy xây dựng các công cụ cho phép bạn xây dựng công cụ tốt hơn. Một ví dụ thành công của các triết lý bootstrapping là hệ điều hành UNIX. Ngay cả với những đổi mới ấn tượng như vậy, NLS chạy vào bất hạnh. | Mac OS X Internals www.osxbook.com 21 The inherent philosophy of the endeavors of Engelbart and his team was bootstrapping which they defined as the recursive process of building tools that let you build better tools. A successful example of the bootstrapping philosophy is the UNIX operating system. Even with such impressive innovations NLS ran into misfortune. Several NLS team members went to the then nascent Xerox PARC where they hoped to create a distributed across the network rather than time-sharing version of NLS. Worse still SRI dropped the program leaving no funding for the project. Engelbart went to a phone networking company called Tymshare where he sat in a cubicle in an office building in Cupertino very near to the birthplace of the Macintosh. 1.2.4. Smalltalk The work done at Xerox PARC would greatly influence the face and surely the interface of computing. The 1970s saw the development and maturation at PARC s Computer Science Laboratory CSL of technologies such as high-quality graphical user interfaces windowing systems laser printing and networking. Smalltalk emerged as both a programming language and a programming environment at PARC. While a graduate student at the University of Utah in the late 1960s Alan Kay had collaborated with Ed Cheadle on designing a personal computer the FLEX machine for those who were not computer professionals. The FLEX machine had a pointing and drawing tablet a calligraphic display and a multiwindowed graphical user interface. Its operating system was object-oriented. The user interacted with the computer what Kay called a personal reactive minicomputer using text and pictures. The machine s primary language was also called FLEX. It was a simple interactive programming language designed to run on a hardware interpreter. Kay s work had inspirations from many existing works of research such as GRAIL 22 Chapter 1 A Technical History of Apple s Operating Systems LINC 17 LOGO NLS Simula and Sketchpad. Kay described the .
