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The recognition of gender equality as a cross-cutting issue in the Paris Declaration and the OECD-DAC’s gender marker system to assess the contribution of overseas development assistance (ODA) to gender equality goals have also been important contributions to greater effectiveness. With its emphasis on development effectiveness and the recognition of gender equality and the empowerment of women as critical to achieving development results, the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation also advances progress through a series of concrete commitments. It resulted in a specific gender indicator that attempts to incentivize targeting of public expenditures to benefit both women. | Psychological Assessment 2003 Vol. 15 No. 2 123-136 Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association Inc. Ì040-3590 03 12.00 DOI 10.1037 1040-3590.15.2.123 Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Women s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale Douglas W. Levine Wake Forest University School of Medicine Deborah J. Bowen Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Robert M. Kaplan and Daniel F. Kripke University of California San Diego Michelle J. Naughton and Sally A. Shumaker Wake Forest University School of Medicine As part of the Women s Health Initiative Study the 5-item Women s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale WHIIRS was developed. This article summarizes the development of the scale through the use of responses from 66 269 postmenopausal women mean age 62.07 years SD 7.41 years . All women completed a 10-item questionnaire concerning sleep. A novel resampling technique was introduced as part of the data analysis. Principal-axes factor analysis without iteration and rotation to a varimax solution was conducted for 120 000 random samples of 1 000 women each. Use of this strategy led to the development of a scale with a highly stable factor structure. Structural equation modeling revealed no major differences in factor structure across age and race-ethnic groups. WHIIRS norms for race-ethnicity and age subgroups are detailed. Sleep researchers have often lamented the lack of consistency across the various definitions of insomnia e.g. Harvey 2001 Ohayon 2002 Sateia 2002 . Depending on how one groups the 84 categories of sleep and waking disturbance listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders ICSD American Academy of Sleep Medicine 1997 approximately 37 Harvey 2001 to 42 Sateia Doghramjii Hauri Morin 2000 of these categories correspond to an insomnia disorder. The matter becomes more complex when creating a concordance with the other two major classification systems namely the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental .
