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The present assessment showed that traditional herbal medicine has flourished in rural areas where modern medicine is parsimoniously accessed as a result of the high cost and long travel time to health center. More- over inadequate modern medical resources/facilities and government subsidies also made traditional herbal medi- cine pertinent in Nepal. It is estimated that there is one physician for every 20,000 people whereas there is more than one healer for every 100 people in Nepal [41,42]. Herbal medicine prescribed by healers is either prepara- tion based on single plant part or a combination of sev- eral plant parts. However, we dealt only the primary one for further discussion in the present. | Contents Breast cancer predisposition Breast cancer diagnosis Prognostic predictive factors in breast cancer Growth factors receptors Conclusion expert opinion Five-year view Review For reprint orders please contact reprints@future-drugs.com Breast cancer biomarkers and molecular medicine Jeffrey S Rossf Gerald P Linette James Stec Edwin Clark Mark Ayers Nick Leschly WFraser Symmans Gabriel N Hortobagyi and Lajos Pusztai The first part of this two-part review of established and emerging breast cancer biomarkers and molecular diagnostics considers breast cancer predisposition screening tests for diagnosis diagnosis using small specimens and metastatic lesions micrometastatic disease and breast cancer prognosis assessment. Prognostic factors covered in this review include cytogenetic markers DNA ploidy and S phase determination cell proliferation markers cell cycle regulators and growth factor measurements including epithelial growth factor receptor HER-2 neu and a variety of other relevant molecules controlling proliferation differentiation and angiogenesis. The first section of part two will continue the consideration of breast cancer prognostic factors including oncogenes tumor suppressor genes cell adhesion molecules invasion-associated proteins and proteases hormone receptor proteins drug resistance proteins apoptosis regulators transcription factors telomerase DNA repair and methylation and transcriptional profiling using high-density genomic microarrays. The second section of part two will consider the prediction of therapy response using the techniques of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Key issues Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 3 5 573-585 2003 References Affiliations Author for correspondence Department otPaíhologv and Laborator Medicine MC 80 Albany Medical College 47 New Scotland Avenue Albany NY12208 USA Tel. 1 5182625461 Fax 1 518 262 3663 rossj@mail.amc.edu KEYWORDS breast cancer diagnosis DNA ploidy EGFR HER-2 neu Ki-67 micrometastasis predisposition .
